Misleading the jury or the judge occurs when a prosecutor knowingly or recklessly makes false, deceptive, or materially incomplete statements during proceedings, arguments, or filings, thereby distorting the fact-finding process or the legal framework governing the case. Such conduct undermines the fairness of a trial and may constitute a violation of due process.

**Scope:**

- **False Statements of Fact**: Presenting inaccurate or fabricated evidence, misrepresenting witness testimony, or misstating investigative findings.
- **Misstatements of Law**: Deliberately mischaracterizing statutes, precedents, or jury instructions to favor the prosecution’s position.
- **Suppression by Omission**: Withholding critical context or failing to correct known false impressions when silence perpetuates a misleading narrative.
- **Improper Closing Arguments**: Misrepresenting evidence, suggesting guilt without proof, or appealing to prejudice rather than facts.

**Examples:**

- Arguing to a jury that the defendant confessed when the prosecutor knows the statement was suppressed or coerced.
- Misquoting precedent to a judge to justify an otherwise improper evidentiary ruling.
- Allowing a witness’s false testimony to stand uncorrected when the prosecutor is aware of the inaccuracy.

**Related Standards:**

- **ABA Model Rule 3.3**: Candor toward the tribunal; prohibits false statements of fact or law.
- **ABA Model Rule 3.8**: Special responsibilities of a prosecutor, requiring fairness and disclosure.
- **Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264 (1959)**: Prohibits knowing use of false evidence or failure to correct false testimony.
- **Due Process Clause**: Guarantees defendants a trial free from prosecutorial deception.

**Consequences:**  
Misleading a jury or judge can result in reversal of convictions, mistrials, disciplinary sanctions, professional misconduct findings, and loss of prosecutorial credibility.